Information about the number of users of the most common search engines. Search on the World Wide Web. Useful addresses of the World Wide Web
The web hosts millions of sites, and there are many obsolete resources, garbage and unfair advertising adjacent to the current information.
The Internet is the most democratic source of information. Everyone can post their own resource on the Web and express their opinion. This is both the strength and the weakness of the World Wide Web.
Finding information on the Internet would probably be very difficult if powerful search tools were not created: search engines(search engines), catalogs-ratings(rubricators), thematic link lists, online encyclopedias and dictionaries.
Various tools are found to be the most effective for finding various kinds of information.
Resource directories
The directory has a hierarchical structure. The thematic sections of the first level define the broadest possible topics, such as "sports", "recreation", "science", "shopping", etc. Each such section may contain subsections. The user can refine the area of interest by navigating the directory tree and gradually narrowing the search area. For example, when searching for information about laptops, the search chain may look like this: Information technology -> Computers -> Laptops. Having reached the required subdirectory, the user finds a set of links in it.
Usually, all links in a directory are profile links, since it is not programs, but people who are involved in the compilation of directories. It's obvious that if you are looking for general information on some broad topic, then it is advisable to refer to the catalog. If it is necessary to find a specific document, then the catalog will turn out to be an ineffective search tool.
Often resource directories are also ratings at the same time, i.e. the catalog invites the sites registered in it to install on their pages visit counter, and displays lists of links to sites in accordance with their popularity (attendance). The popularity of a resource is assessed by a number of parameters, including the so-called hosts(the number of unique visitors per day) and hits(the number of visits to the site per day).
One of the most popular catalogs-ratings is Rambler "s Top 100. (http://top100.rambler.ru/top100/). It is often interesting to assess the state of not all-Russian, but regional resources on a specific topic. and the region, you can recommend catalogs-ratings of resources Krasland (http://www.krasland.ru/) and Stalker (http://www.stalker.internet.ru/).
Search engines
Relevant document- a document, the semantic content of which corresponds information request... Modern search engines search by context, i.e. words contained in the query, taking into account variations of word forms and expanding queries with synonyms. But computers do not understand the meaning, therefore, in the list of answers to the query, along with documents relevant to your query, you can get those that are in no way suitable for you.
It's obvious that the ability to correctly issue a request determines the percentage of relevant documents received... The proportion of relevant documents in the list of all found by a search engine is called the search accuracy. Irrelevant documents are called noise documents. If all found documents are relevant (no noise), then the search accuracy is 100%. If all relevant documents are found, then the completeness of the search is 100%.
Thus, the quality of the search is determined by two interdependent parameters: the accuracy and the completeness of the search. Increasing the completeness of the search decreases the accuracy, and vice versa.
Search engines can be compared to a referral service whose agents crawl across businesses to collect information in a database. When contacting the service, information is returned from this database. The data in the database is outdated, so the agents update them periodically. In other words, the help desk has two functions: 1) creating and constantly updating data in the database and 2) searching for information in the database at the request of the client.
Likewise, a search engine has two parts: the so-called search robot(or a spider) that bypasses the Web servers and forms a database, and search engine links relevant to the user's request in the database.
It should be noted that, when processing a specific user request, the search engine operates with an internal database (and does not embark on a journey on the Web). Despite the fact that the database of the search engine is constantly updated, the search engine cannot index all Web-documents: there are too many of them. The problem of insufficient search completeness lies not only in the limited internal resources of the search engine, but also in the fact that the robot's speed is limited, and the number of new Web-documents is constantly growing.
The most popular search engines today are Google (www.google.com, www.google.ru) and Yandex (www.yandex.ru).
Online encyclopedias and reference books
In some cases, it is necessary to find not just a document containing a keyword, but the interpretation of a certain word. When you search for an unfamiliar term using a search engine, you run the risk of getting a whole series of articles in which this term is used, and at the same time you never know what it really means. It is preferable to conduct such a search in an online encyclopedia.
One of the largest online encyclopedias is the resource "Yandex. Encyclopedias" (http://encycl.yandex.ru/) - this project contains 14 encyclopedias, including articles from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and the "Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia". The Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius (http://www.km.ru) also belongs to the largest.
In addition to transferring traditional dictionaries to the hypertext environment, encyclopedic wiki projects are rapidly developing. Vicky- a website for collecting and structuring written information. It is characterized by the fact that all visitors can fill in and edit the information posted on it. http://ru.wikipedia.org/ - Wikipedia in Russian - part of a multilingual project, the goal of which is to create a complete encyclopedia in all languages of the Earth.
Back forward
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Goals:
- understand the basic principles of organizing information search on the Internet.
- develop algorithmic thinking, the ability to highlight the main thing, broaden the horizons of students by introducing new terms;
- formation of skills in searching for information on the Internet;
- foster a culture of communication: student-student, teacher-student
Tasks:
- Introduction to the concept of WWW
- Web page, Web site
- Addressing pages on the Internet
- Acquaintance with the capabilities of search engines, search queries.
- Use the search and selection of information in practice and everyday life
Hardware and software: an interactive board, a projector, a presentation for a lesson, cards - assignments, a set of assessments.
Lesson type: learning new material.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Knowledge update. Presentation of new material.
- Hello guys. Today we will make a journey with you ...
Take a close look at the slide. Where do you think we will go?
Traveling on the Internet.
The screen shows an approximate graphical representation of the connections between the Internet networks. Only connections between servers are shown.
What does this picture look like? (To the starry sky, to the cobweb.).
Lesson topic: “WWW. Traveling on the World Wide Web ”.
But before embarking on a cruise through the vastness of the Web, we will get acquainted with the concept of WWW, Web page, Web site, browser, search engine, and then move on to the practical part: we will work with search engines, make queries, find the necessary information and apply it in practice.
What is the Internet? The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks for storing and transmitting information. The World Wide Web is based on the Internet
WWW - what does this acronym mean? (World Wide Web, WWW)
World Wide Web (WWW, Web) - the world wide web (web)
WWW is a worldwide repository of information that exists on the technical basis of the INTERNET (after all, there are more than 2 billion Internet users)
WWW - the unification of numerous resources distributed around the world;
WWW - organization of information resources provided with hyperlinks.
WWW - contains information of a very different nature: news, scientific, technical, educational information, advertising of goods and services, resources for leisure and entertainment, communication through social networks, portals and forums, and much more. The life of a modern person is now impossible to imagine without the Internet.
Anyone can post information on the network, and the whole world will have access to this information!
Information on the WWW is organized as Web pages ... For example, let's open the website of our school www.schuv1996.mskobr.ru.
Website - these are several web pages related to each other by content. In the texts placed on the pages of sites, keywords can be highlighted - hyperlinks.
The address of any file on a worldwide scale is determined by unified resource locator - URL... The url is a standardized string symbols indicating the location of a resource, document or part of it on the Internet, and consists of three parts.
Address structure:
- http: // protocol
- schuv1996.mskobr.ru - server
- novosti / - page file
A huge number of hypertext electronic documents stored on WWW servers form a kind of hyperspace of documents between which movement is possible.
But special programs help the user navigate the web. (Web browsers; browse browse, explore)
What are the browsers you know?
Is there any system for storing information on the Internet, is it possible to "get entangled" in the web? Is it chaos or is there some kind of system, logic?
In order not to get confused, you need to know where and how to extract the necessary information, you need experience in search work. How you can search for information:
- By specifying the document address (wikipedia.org)
- By navigating a web of hyperlinks
- By using search engines. YANDEX, RAMBLER
SEARCH ENGINES (search technology)
All information retrieval systems on the World Wide Web are located on special servers. Every minute they serve a huge number of clients. Search engines are based on a constant, consistent study of all pages of all sites. For each document, page there is a specific set of keywords that reflect the content of the page. Upon receiving a request, the search engine generates a list of pages that match the search criteria. The found documents are sorted according to the location of the keywords, the frequency of their occurrence in the text, etc.
What search engines do you know? ( GOOGLE, YANDEX, RAMBLER)
Search engines usually have three operators: "logical AND", "logical OR" and "logical NOT". The "logical AND" operator is indicated between keywords if it is necessary to return documents containing all the search words. "Logical OR" is used when it is necessary to search for documents containing at least one of the keywords associated with this operator. The “logical NOT” operator is required to exclude from the list of documents in which there is a word preceded in the query by this operator.
When starting a search, the user enters one or more keywords and selects the type of search.
If the search is difficult, try changing the query logic, choose better synonyms
III. The practical part.
Students are divided into micro-groups.
1 stage of work
You are invited to fill out a crossword puzzle "History of the INTERNET" ( Annex 1), using the World Wide Web and the search engines you know.
Everyone is looking for the answer to the first question of the crossword puzzle, but on different search engines.
Let's compare the number of links found to documents and sites for the same query. - Which search engine gave the most links?
Who found the answer to the question raises his hand and fills in the crossword puzzle on the Smart interactive whiteboard. Students find the required answer and write it down on the interactive whiteboard, where the presentation is projected. As a result, all the cells of the crossword puzzle are filled in.
Pay attention to which keyword came out in the highlighted cells? - Internet! Right. - So, we have coped with the first stage of this assignment, working together.
Stage 2. Work on cards
Find answers to the following questions ( Appendix 2) and save them in your folders (work in micro-groups):
1) What day is considered the Internet's birthday in Russia and why?
2) When and where was the ice cream sundae invented?
3) Where and when did chocolate appear?
4) What is the brightest star in the night sky?
5) Why is the Black Sea called “Black”?
6) Which country is the smallest? Give it a short description.
7) When and where did the first Olympic Games take place? Give a short description.
Save the information in the form of text and pictures in your folder.
Save information from downloaded web pages in different ways to your folder on your desktop:
- as a text file To do this, in the text on the Web page, select the paragraph on the search topic, copy it to the clipboard, start MS Word, run the "Paste" command, save the resulting document, close MS Word.
- save drawing from a Web page as a graphic file, to do this, select a picture on the page and right-click on it, select the "Save picture as ..." item in the context menu, set the path, file name and file type (JPG).
- Save the link to the webpage
The results of this step should be stored in a folder with your Surname in the My Documents folder.
IV. Grading. Discussion of the results obtained
Name the websites you visited. Describe these sites by purpose. What services do they provide to the user?
At this stage, grades are given based on the results of completing 1 and 2 tasks.
V. Reflection.
Today we “walked” through the Internet, got acquainted with the concept of a network - WWW, searched for information on various requests, learned how to correctly receive information from the Internet, got acquainted with such concepts as a browser, URL address, search engines
- What did you like in the lesson? What didn't you like?
- What was new for you in the lesson?
Vi. Homework.
Find information on the Internet about the number of users of the most common search engines. When and how did @ appear?
THE MOST IMPORTANT THING
Free access to information, regardless of boundaries and distances, has become possible thanks to the World Wide Weh (WWW, Web, World Wide Web) - a worldwide information repository that exists on the technical basis of the Internet.
Special
programs called browsers. Searching for the required document in WW&V can be done: by specifying the address of the document; by navigating the web of hyperlinks; by using search engines.
There are many search engines. Most of them have three main types of search: by any of the words; by all words; exactly the phrase.
Questions and tasks
1. Perform a literal translation of the phrase 4 YVorld Wide Web. "
2. Describe in general terms the organization of the WWW.
4. Imagine that the text of this paragraph is hosted on a Web-cafrre. What words from the text can be selected as key words in order to most accurately convey its meaning? List up to 10 such words.
5. Do you know the address of your school's website? What sites would you recommend your classmates visit?
b. What browser do you use at school?
7. What search engines do you know?
8. List the main types of search queries.
9. Find on the World Wide Web information about the number of users of the most common search engines.
Represent the results of these queries graphically using Euler circles. Indicate the designations of queries in the order of increasing number of documents that the search engine will find for each query.
11. Find on the World Wide Web the answers to the following questions.
Who is Norbert Wiener and what is his role in the study of information processes?
Who is Claude Shannon and what is he famous for?
Who introduced the term "hypertext" and when?
Who is believed to be the inventor of WYVW and when did it happen?
Who is Euler, after whom is the graphical diagram illustrating the relationship between sets named?
Test items for self-control
1. Which of the following statements most accurately reveals the meaning of the concept of "information" from the everyday point of view?
a) a sequence of characters of a certain alphabet
b) the book fund of the library
c) information about the surrounding world and the processes occurring in it, perceived by a person directly or with the help of special devices
d) information contained in scientific theories
2. A continuous signal is called:
c) carrying text information
d) carrying any information H. Discrete is a signal:
a) taking a finite number of certain values
b) continuously changing in time
c) which can be decoded
d) carrying any information aci Yu
4. Information that does not depend on personal opinion or judgment is called:
a) understandable
b) relevant
B) objective
d) useful
5. Information that is essential and important at the moment is called:
a) useful
b) relevant
c) reliable
d) objective
b. According to the way a person perceives, the following types of information are distinguished:
a) text, numerical, graphic, tabular, etc.
b) scientific, social, political, economic, religious, etc.
c) everyday, production, technical, managerial
7. It is known that a physically healthy person receives the largest amount of information with the help of:
a) hearing organs
b) organs of vision
c) organs of touch
d) organs of smell
e) taste buds
8. Indicate the "extra" object from the point of view of the agreement on the meaning of the signs used:
b) road signs
d) musical signs
9. Indicate the "extra" object in terms of the type of writing:
a) Russian language
b) English
c) Chinese
d) French
10. Formal languages include:
a) Russian language
b) Latin
c) Chinese
d) French
11. According to the form of presentation, information can be conditionally divided into the following types:
a) mathematical, biological, medical, psychological, etc.
b) symbolic and figurative
c) everyday, scientific, industrial, managerial
d) visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory
12. Discretization of information is:
a) a physical process that changes over time
b) quantitative characteristic of the signal
c) the process of converting information from a continuous form to a discrete form d) the process of converting information from a discrete form to a continuous
13. Give the most complete answer.
Determine which set of letters is encoded by the binary string 0110100011000.
a) EVCEA b) BDDEA c) CG) CEA d) EVAEA
16. The chessboard consists of 8 columns and 8 rows. What is the minimum number of bits required to encode the coordinates of one chess board?
17. In which line are the units of information in ascending order?
a) gigabyte, megabyte, kilobyte, byte, bit
b) bit, byte, megabyte, kilobyte, gigabyte
c) byte, bit, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte
d) bit, byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte
18. The size of the message is 11 KB. The message contains 11,264 characters. What is the cardinality of the alphabet with which the message is written?
a) 64 b) 128 c) 256 d) 512
19. Given a text of 600 characters. It is known that characters are taken from a 16 x 32 table. Determine the information volume of the text in bits.
A) 1000 b) 2400 c) 3600 d) 5400
20.
The two texts contain the same number of characters. The first text is composed of alphabetical characters with a power of 16, and the second text is composed of alphabet characters with a power of 256. How many times is the amount of information in the second text greater than in the first?
a) 12 b) 2 c) 24
21. Information processes are:
a) the processes of construction of buildings and structures
b) processes of chemical and mechanical water purification
c) the processes of collecting, storing, processing, searching and transferring information
d) electricity generation processes
22. Under the information carrier it is customary to mean:
a) communication line
b) the Internet
c) computer
d) a material object on which information can be recorded in one way or another
23. Which line correctly represents the information transfer scheme?
a) source encoder - "decoder -" receiver
b) source - "encoder -" communication channel - "decoding device -" receiver
c) source of interference encoder - "decoder receiver
d) source decoding device communication channel - "coding device receiver
24. Hypertext is:
a) very large text
b) text in which links can be clicked
c) text typed on a computer
d) text that uses a large font
25. A search engine is NOT:
d) Yandex
26. The table shows the queries to the search engine. Which query will find the largest number of matching pages?
| a) | breeding & keeping & swordsmen & catfish |
| b) | content & swordsmen |
| v) | (content & swordtails) catfish |
| G) | content & swordsmen & catfish |
COMPUTER AS A UNIVERSAL DEVICE FOR WORKING WITH INFORMATION
How to find what you need on the Internet correctly and with a minimum of time
How to search the Internet correctly
How to find what you need on the Internet correctly and with a minimum of time.
The problem of finding information sooner or later awaits every Internet user. Searching for the necessary information, term papers, abstracts or any kind of technical documentation can take a lot of your time if you do not know how to properly search and find what you need on the World Wide Web. In this case, various catalogs and knowledge bases, as well as the so-called "search engines", can come to our aid. Next, we will consider them in turn.
Let's start with directories. Everything here is not complicated enough, since the catalog is an electronic card index of links to sites of a certain subject. As in a real card index, all sites and resources are arranged here on shelves, which are provided with a brief description for a more convenient search for the information you need. The big drawback of this system is that not all resources are located there, since in order to add your site to the catalog, the owner must register and this takes some time and therefore you have to type sites manually, which is very inconvenient.
Now let's look at the knowledge bases. There are resources that contain a huge amount of information and at the same time provide an opportunity for users to edit and supplement it. These resources are growing very quickly and become huge databases, such as Wikipedia (http://ru.wikipedia.org/), which is rightfully considered one of the best. Thanks to the built-in search engine, millions of people can easily find the information they need in a short period of time.
And finally, search engines, or as they are popularly called "search engines". If you have tried the above methods in your search, and there is no result, do not despair. Search engines, of which there are quite a few today, will be able to help you. The main "pioneers" in the CIS are Rambler, Yandex and of course Google. The main advantage of search engines is how they work. Search engines, unlike directories, use a special robot that scans all available Internet resources and automatically adds them to their database. But a huge database for a successful search will not be enough for us. So how can we find exactly what we need among the vast sea of information?
Firstly, do not try to stick in the request, for example, the whole topic of a diploma or an abstract, be precise, but laconic. First, think over your request and try to find out as much as possible about the topic that interests you, since the correct search query is the key to getting the desired result. If, for example, you want to find out about the 2014 Olympics in Russia, then in the request you should type the 2014 Olympics Russia, and not just the Olympics Russia. Remember, the machine looks for phrases and words and sorts the information according to the degree of coincidence, and what you mean, it cannot know. The site with the most matches will come first, etc. Also, you should know that the search engine does not search for punctuation marks for prepositions and words such as “what”, “where”, “when”.
How do you find a quote if the search engine doesn't take into account common words and prepositions? To do this, it is enough to highlight the query with quotes and then it will be considered as a single whole with all words and prepositions in the order in which you wrote it. Even before a word or symbol, you can put "+" and then to a request, for example, "Aliens +4", the answer will be links to this particular part of the film. And also it is possible to find, for example, an article on a specific site, if we say we forgot to save a link to it. To do this, just type the query in the search bar, then site: the name of the site in Google and the query<
Search engines can not only search, but also exclude certain words from the search. For example, if you do not want to receive documents about its history in Google when asked about Rome, enter: Rome - history, and in Yandex instead of “-” they use “~ ~”.
You also need to know that search engines do not take into account capital characters, and this is inconvenient for searching settlements. Therefore, to get the desired result before the word that the search engine should "see" with a capital letter! for example “village! Fish ". For a more detailed search, use the "Advanced Search" function. Successful searches!
http://www.searchboth.ru/search-systems/search-in-www.html
