Where are the files saved? Where are files downloaded from the Internet saved? In which folder are the games saved Where can I find the game save
Do you want to quickly find the save of a particular game? Then you are here! This guide contains information about the most popular locations and the rarest folders where developers put saves for their games. The article contains material not only about new, but also about old, as well as pirated games.
The information in the article is relevant only for personal computers running Windows, starting with Vista and older.
Folder "My Documents"
In this section Windows systems You can find game saves from the following companies and developers:- Electronic Arts prefers to put saves directly into a folder so you can see the data right away Battlefield: Bad Company 2, Battlefield 3, Battlefield 4, Mirror's Edge, Mirror "s Edge: Catalyst, data and other materials from all games in the FIFA series.
- Please note that the EA Games folder can be created right there, where the saves from dead space 2, Dead Space 3.
- All games in the Need series for Speed located in "My Documents", or in subfolders with the names of development studios, for example, Criterion Games ( Hot Pursuit (2010) Most Wanted (2012)), Ghost Games ( Need for Speed: Rivals, Need for Speed (2015)).
- But BioWare prefers to place all of its games in a separate subfolder of the same name, in the "My Documents" directory. There you will find saves from mass effect, mass effect 2, mass effect 3, Mass Effect: Andromeda Dragon Age Origins, dragon age 2, Dragon Age: Inquisition and others.
- It is impossible not to pass by Rockstar Games - in the personalized folder, in the "My Documents" directory, there are saves from gta4, gta 5, Max Payne 3 and others.
- Ubisoft games are also often placed in the "My Documents" folder - there you will find the save series of Assassin's Creed, ANNO, and many others.
- And, of course, WB Games - save batman: arkham city Batman: Arkham City GOTY Batman: Arkham Origins Batman: Arkham Knight, Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor are in the My Documents folder.
- Other publishers and developers also love this folder - you'll find recent hits like Lords of the Fallen, witcher 3, Project CARS, Dying Light and many others.
Folder "My Games"
Separately, I would like to pay attention to the “My Games” folder located in the same “My Documents” directory - saves are stored there Far Cry 3, Far Cry 4, Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon, GRiD series, Dirt series, Sid Meier's Civilization series, Borderlands series, X-Com series, The Elder Scrolls series and, of course, save from Watch Dogs.Special folder "Saved games"
Few people even know about the existence of such a folder. However, if you go to C:Users%Username%Saved Games, you can find saves from crysis 2, crysis 3, Rage , Wolfenstein: The New Order Wolfenstein: The Old Blood Risen 3: Titan Lords Command & Conquer 3 and others.
Roaming Folder
The Roaming system folder is located at C:Users%UserName%AppDataRoaming. Many developers put saves of their games there, but you need to look not only directly for subfolders with the name of a particular game, but also for subfolders with the names of developers.In the "Roaming" folder you can find saves of the following games:
- Battle for Middle-Earth and Battle for Middle-Earth 2 , and all addons;
- all games in the Total War series, including Total War: Shogun 2, Total War: Rome 2, Total War: Attila in The Creative Assembly subfolder;
- profiles of some Ubisoft games - Assassin's Creed series, Anno series, Tom Clancy's series;
- Cities: Skylines in a subfolder named Colossal Order;
- and some others.
Program Data and LocalLow folder
The system folder "Program Data" is located at C: ProgramData. As usual, you need to search for game saves not only directly by the names of a particular game, but also by subfolders with the name of the developer studio. An example is the latest games from Codemasters - DiRT 3: CE GRID 2 and GRID: Autosport - saves from them are in this folder.In the second case, you need a folder located at C:Users%UserName%AppDataLocalLow. Save can be found here Warhammer 40,000: Regicide (in the Hammerfall Publishing folder), as well as indie saves such as Armikrog (in the PencilTestStudios folder).
Where do indie games store their saves?
In this case, you first need to look directly in the game folder. However, if the game was released on Steam, then start your search in the "My Documents" folder, and then follow the instructions above.Where do old games store their saves?
If we are talking about games from the period 2000-2010, then the advice will be the same - the “My Documents” folder, the “My Games” subpackage in the same place, the “Saved Games” system folder, and the “Roaming” system folder.Also, pay close attention to the folder itself with installed game- there will probably be a "Data" or "Saves" folder with saves.
Where do Origin games store their saves?
Since this client is part of the Electronic Arts online store, the same My Documents folder will become the main place to search.Where do Uplay games store their saves?
Recently, all Ubisoft games take up quite a lot of folders on the computer. Saves can be stored in “My Documents”, but game profiles, without which they will be useless, will be located in the “Roaming” folder, and some license data must be looked for in C: Program Files (x86) Ubisoft Ubisoft Game Launcher.Where do Battle.Net games store their saves?
Alas, Blizzard games do not store any significant player data on their personal computer, everything lies on the company's servers.Where do Steam games store their saves?
In this case, you don't have to run anywhere. You just need to clarify the details. The Steam client stores all saves in its own folder, for example, Steamuserdata123456789, where 123456789 is the user's unique numeric ID. I believe that most of the Steamuserdata directory will have one folder, since there is only one account registered.We go into our conditional folder "123456789" and see a bunch of folders with digital names there. To find the one you need, match the date the game was installed with the date the folder was created, if it was a long time ago and you no longer remember or for some other reason, refer to.
Just enter the digital code in the search and pay attention to the end of the search results, the block "Apps found for 242700":
Now let's talk about pirate games
We note right away that saves from pirated games, licensed versions of which are distributed using Uplay or Origin, will all be in the same places as in the case of purchase. So you can easily find them by resorting to the instructions above.Games from Blizzard, as mentioned above, have become completely networked, so there is nothing to pirate in fact.
But you will have to tinker with pirated Steam games, since the saves, as mentioned above, have a digital code.
You can find this digital code through the whole of the same, just enter the name of the game in the search, and select the Game item in the App Type menu, or you can go to Google with the request “where is the licensed version of Game Name” stores saves” or “where is the Steam version GameName" stores saves".
Once you have found out the AppID, feel free to start searching on the C drive or on the drive where you have Windows installed. The fact is that various repackers and hackers place the saves of pirated games released on Steam in completely different folders, these can be system folders like "Roaming", "ProgramData", subfolders with names of release groups or crackers. Manually sorting through all the options is just a waste of time.
Didn't find anything? Probably, saves for this game were made by its name, this also happens, but less often. Search for the game keyword again, but first check the My Documents folder as well as the MyGames subfolder.
Thank you for your attention!
In addition to your own save, you may need someone else's. For example, you would like to try out some kind of character build without resorting to cheating methods, or some important character for the storyline died, which you would like to return. In this case, you also need to know where to throw the downloaded files of someone else's game save.
The passage of only one storyline takes more than a dozen hours, and many gamers spend most of their time not going through the main storyline, but side quests. Having upgraded your character and dressed him in the rarest armor, it would be extremely unpleasant to lose all this just because of the need to free up memory space or a fatal system error. But in
As a rule, all games store save files in the same place - in a folder on the C drive called My Games. If your computer is running Windows XP, then the save path looks like this - C:\Documents and Settings\Username\My Documents\My Games\Skyrim\Saves
If you use operating systems such as Windows7, Windows 8 or Windows 10, then the save path will be C:\Users\USER_NAME\Documents\My Games\Skyrim\Saves
Now, knowing where the saves are, you can easily find the files you need and carry out the manipulations that you need. In addition to moving saves, Skyrim has many special programs for game progress editing. With minimal effort, you can change your game as you please - add things to your inventory, complete quests without even starting them in the game itself, and so on.
There are a lot of such programs, and their functionality can be very diverse - just choose the one that you like with the interface or meets your requirements.
For them to work properly, you also need to know the path to the game saves.
Therefore, do not limit yourself to anything and fully enjoy the incredible and vast world of virtual reality in Skyrim! Feel like a real dragon-born, go through interesting, soul-stirring quests, collect all the necessary items and kill sworn enemies.
Many have come across a situation where, for one reason or another, it becomes necessary to change the device, but do not want to lose progress in their games. And then the thought may appear in my head that all the files of the game, including the saves made during it, must be somewhere. And if the game does not imply a permanent connection to the Internet, then the save files must be stored on the PC / mobile device, and by copying them to any storage medium, the game can be launched in the future from the same place where it stopped. So where are the game saves stored?
Of course, on different device these places are different, as is the path to them. Therefore, this article will analyze the most common save file locations on two platforms: PC (Windows) and mobile device (Android).
Where are game saves stored?
Basically, on personal computers, game save files are located directly in the game folder. However, this is not always the case: games that require an Internet connection, like MMORPGs, as well as multiplayer shooters, do not have save files at all. So you should not even try to look for them: all data about the user account and its progress is saved.
But not all games are in their folders. Where are game saves stored if you can't find them in the folder where the game was installed? In the semi-system folder Local. Also here are games downloaded from major sites like Steam, BattleNet, as well as from the Ubisoft website. In this case, all game data, including save files, will be located in the root folders of these sites. Sometimes it happens that files of applications installed via torrent / disk appear here, so you should always check this folder.
In the line with the address you need to write C:\Users\
Where are game saves stored on Android?
The files of most Android games are located in the Data folder. However, this only applies to games and applications downloaded from Play market, or without cache and additional files.
How to get there
In order to get into the Data folder, you need to open the phone files, select the device memory and find the Android folder there. It will contain several files, among which is the treasured Data. 90% of application files are stored here, which can be easily copied. However, when digging into the folders of games, you should be careful: if you delete / cut out any file that the game needs, then it may not start or splash progress.
However, sometimes, especially when downloading games not through the Play Market, but from various third-party sites, or if the game needs an additional cache, it may not be on this list. This is because such games create a separate folder during installation. In this case, where are the saved games stored, except for this folder? They can be located in two places: in the root folder in the device's memory or in the games tab here.
In this case, the save files are located inside this folder.
How to update saves
So, the files are copied and saved, and the device is updated. The user enters the game - and it starts over. How to insert game saves in such a way as to return the previous progress?
Everything is quite simple: you need to add the previously copied files to where the game save files are stored. The path to these places is described in detail above. Next, you need to delete all perfect saves and instead insert those that were copied from the previous device.
Important: if various modifications or add-ons have been installed in the game, they must be installed before transferring saves, otherwise the game risks crashing and deleting all files that interfere with it.
If the game has an open world (for example, some kind of sandbox), then it is better to first walk around this world in order to load it. Otherwise, after a situation is possible when the game hangs, trying to load all the location files that were opened by the player in his old save.
Many inexperienced computer users cannot find a file downloaded from the Internet. It seems that the file was downloaded successfully, but it is not clear where exactly. You can try to find it by opening all the folders in a row, but this way you can spend a year of your life without finding anything. So what to do? Where are the files saved on the computer? Where to look for them then?
Where files are saved in the browser
But let's take it step by step. Consider the procedure for searching files using the most popular browsers.
If you are interested in the location of the browser's temporary files, then they should be searched along the chain drive C:\users\Username\Local Settings\Application Data \Browser name.
If all attempts to find the file were unsuccessful, but you remember at least part of its name, then use the standard Windows search.
The AutoSave feature, available on Mac OS, automatically saves files at regular intervals. You can set how often files are saved. For example, if you set files to autosave every five minutes, you can recover more information in the event of data loss (for example, due to a power failure) than if you save every 10 or 15 minutes. By default, Office files are automatically saved every 10 minutes.
The auto-recovery feature available on some Office applications, tries to automatically recover files in case of data loss. In this case, the files are saved at the same interval as during autosave.
Important: Do not use the autosave and autorecovery features instead of saving files regularly using the command Save. Saving files frequently is the best way to prevent losing your work.
What version of Office for Mac are you using?
Search for an automatically saved or restored file
The next time you open the application, the files in the AutoRecovery folder will be listed in the Open Recent list. In addition, these files can be found in Finder in /Users/ directory /Library/Containers/com.microsoft.Word/Data/Library/Preferences/AutoRecovery.
Note: If you close the file and click the button Do not save, this file will be removed from the AutoRecovery folder.
Do you want to quickly find the save of a particular game? Then you are here! This guide contains information about the most popular locations and the rarest folders where developers put saves for their games. The article contains material not only about new, but also about old, as well as pirated games.
The information in the article is relevant only for personal computers running Windows, starting with Vista and older.
Folder "My Documents"
In this section of the Windows system, you can find game saves from the following companies and developers:
- Electronic Arts prefers to put saves directly into a folder, so you will immediately see Battlefield data: Bad Company 2, Battlefield 3, Battlefield 4, Mirror "s Edge, Mirror" s Edge: Catalyst, data and other materials from all games in the FIFA series.
- Please note that the EA Games folder can be created right there, where there will be saves from Dead Space 2, Dead Space 3.
- All games in the Need for Speed series are located in "My Documents", or in subfolders with the names of the development studios, for example, Criterion Games (Hot Pursuit (2010) , Most Wanted (2012)), Ghost Games (Need for Speed: Rivals , Need for Speed (2015)).
- But BioWare prefers to place all of its games in a separate subfolder of the same name, in the "My Documents" directory. There you will find saves from Mass Effect , Mass Effect 2 , Mass Effect 3 , Mass Effect: Andromeda , Dragon Age: Origins , Dragon Age 2 , Dragon Age: Inquisition and others.
- It is impossible not to pass by Rockstar Games - in the named folder, in the "My Documents" directory, there are saves from GTA 4, GTA 5, Max Payne 3 and others.
- Ubisoft games are also often placed in the "My Documents" folder - there you will find the save series of Assassin's Creed, ANNO, and many others.
- And, of course, WB Games - Batman: Arkham City, Batman: Arkham City GOTY, Batman: Arkham Origins, Batman: Arkham Knight, Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor saves are in the My Documents folder.
- Other publishers and developers also love this folder - you'll find recent hits like Lords of the Fallen, Witcher 3, Project CARS, Dying Light and many more in it.
Folder "My Games"
Separately, I would like to pay attention to the “My Games” folder located in the same “My Documents” directory - Far Cry 3, Far Cry 4, Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon, GRiD series, Dirt series, Sid Meier's series are stored there Civilization, the Borderlands series, the X-Com series, The Elder Scrolls series and, of course, Watch Dogs saves.
Special folder "Saved games"
Few people even know about the existence of such a folder. However, if you go to C:\Users\%Username%\Saved Games, you can find saves from Crysis 2 , Crysis 3 , RAGE , Wolfenstein: The New Order , Wolfenstein: The Old Blood , Risen 3: Titan Lords , Command & Conquer 3 and others.
Roaming Folder
The Roaming system folder is located at C:\Users\%UserName%\AppData\Roaming. Many developers put saves of their games there, but you need to look not only directly for subfolders with the name of a particular game, but also for subfolders with the names of developers.
In the "Roaming" folder you can find saves of the following games:
- Battle for Middle-Earth and Battle for Middle-Earth 2 , and all addons;
- all games in the Total War series, including Total War: Shogun 2, Total War: Rome 2, Total War: Attila in The Creative Assembly subfolder;
- profiles of some Ubisoft games - Assassin's Creed series, Anno series, Tom Clancy's series;
- Cities: Skylines in a subfolder named Colossal Order;
- and some others.
Program Data and LocalLow folder
The system folder "Program Data" is located at C:\ProgramData. As usual, you need to search for game saves not only directly by the names of a particular game, but also by subfolders with the name of the developer studio. As an example, the latest games from Codemasters - DiRT 3: CE, GRID 2 and GRID: Autosport - save from them are in this folder.
In the second case, you need a folder located at C:\Users\%UserName%\AppData\LocalLow. Here you can find Warhammer 40,000: Regicide saves (in the Hammerfall Publishing folder), as well as saves from indie projects such as Armikrog (in the PencilTestStudios folder).
Where do indie games store their saves?
In this case, you first need to look directly in the game folder. However, if the game was released on Steam, then start your search in the "My Documents" folder, and then follow the instructions above.
Where do old games store their saves?
If we are talking about games from the period 2000-2010, then the advice will be the same - the “My Documents” folder, the “My Games” subpackage in the same place, the “Saved Games” system folder, and the “Roaming” system folder.
In addition, pay close attention to the folder with the installed game itself - there will most likely be a "Data" or "Saves" folder with saves.
Where do Origin games store their saves?
Since this client is part of the Electronic Arts online store, the same My Documents folder will become the main place to search.
Where do Uplay games store their saves?
Recently, all Ubisoft games take up quite a lot of folders on the computer. Saves can be stored in "My Documents", but game profiles, without which they will be useless, will be located in the "Roaming" folder, and some license data must be looked for in C:\Program Files (x86)\Ubisoft\Ubisoft Game Launcher.
Where do Battle.Net games store their saves?
Alas, Blizzard games do not store any significant player data on his personal computer, everything lies on the company's servers.
Where do Steam games store their saves?
In this case, you don't have to run anywhere. You just need to clarify the details. The Steam client stores all saves in its own folder, for example, \Steam\userdata\123456789, where 123456789 is the user's unique numeric ID. I believe that most of the \Steam\userdata directory will have one folder, since there is only one account registered.
We go into our conditional folder "123456789" and see a bunch of folders with digital names there. To find the one you need, match the date the game was installed with the date the folder was created, if it was a long time ago and you no longer remember or for some other reason, refer to.
Just enter the digital code in the search and pay attention to the end of the search results, the block "Apps found for 242700":
Now let's talk about pirate games
We note right away that saves from pirated games, licensed versions of which are distributed using Uplay or Origin, will all be in the same places as in the case of purchase. So you can easily find them by resorting to the instructions above.
Games from Blizzard, as mentioned above, have become completely networked, so there is nothing to pirate in fact.
But you will have to tinker with pirated Steam games, since the saves, as mentioned above, have a digital code.
You can find this digital code through all the same, just enter the name of the game in the search, and select the Game item in the App Type menu, or you can go to Google with the request “where is the licensed version of Game Name” stores saves” or “where is the Steam version GameName" stores saves".
Once you have found out the AppID, feel free to start searching on the C drive or on the drive where you have Windows installed. The fact is that various repackers and crackers place saves of pirated games released on Steam in completely different folders, these can be system folders like “Roaming”, “ProgramData”, subfolders with the names of release groups or crackers. Manually sorting through all the options is just a waste of time.
This article is purely for gamers. From it you will learn not only where the save games for windows 7, XP, vista, windows 8 are located, or rather where to find them (each has its place), but also some useful recommendations.
In order not to write for each separately where the game saves are located, because there are a lot of them, for example, steam, alavar, dead island, grid 2, Grand Theft Auto , mine craft, Resident Evil Revelations, Sniper Ghost Warrior, Far Cry 3, Operation Flashpoint 2, Call of Juarez: Gunslinger, Terraria, Anno 1404, nfs underground, Crysis 3, Dead Island Riptide, Dead Island Riptide, War hammer, Borderlands - I'll write where to find it.
Where are games stored?
Drive "C" =>>>, "Documents and Settings" =>>>, "your account" =>>> "Local Settings" =>>>, "Application Data" =>>>, "Rockstar Games" - Next comes the name of the game;
- in the documents folder, in the “My Games” section, for example, saves for agent 007 (James Bond) are stored there;
In the game itself, along the following path: "Game" =>>>, "out" =>>>, "save" - for example, it stores its "savings" - "Sniper Ghost Warrior" there.
For which you may need to find a place where the save games are located. If you can not complete a certain mission, but there is an opportunity to download (get) "saves".
Then by placing them in a specific folder, you can play further, without going through a difficult section on your own.
Sometimes games on a windows 7 computer or other operating system (now Windows 8) go extremely badly. This can be fixed by using the free special. program for.
Also, many do not pay attention to the game settings. You will definitely have a hard time completing missions if the game slows down, but in most cases this can be avoided by setting the minimum video requirements.
Precisely to video and spec. effects - sound does not affect the speed. These two recommendations, I think, will help you significantly increase the passage of games, and you will no longer look for where the save is located in order to skip some missions.
If you need saves and you don't know where to download them, then here is the link
http://stopgame.ru/help/new/saves
By clicking on it, you will find “savings” for almost all available (popular) ones. Download, install, enjoy. Good luck.
can be lost in many situations. For example, a document can be lost if an error occurs that causes Word to stop working, if the power is turned off while editing, or if the document is closed without saving changes.
This article describes the steps that can be taken when trying to recover a lost document.
Notes
Finding the original document
| 1. | Click the button Start and select the item Find. |
| 2. | Select an item Files and folders V Assistant on the left side of Microsoft Windows Explorer. |
| 3. | Enter the name of the file you want to find in the field. |
| 4. | Listed Where to look select My computer and press the button Find. |
| 5. | If there are no files in the results pane, continue with the next steps to find all Word documents. |
| 6. | Enter *.doc in the field and click the button Find. |
Find backup copies of Word files
If the option is selected, you can find a backup copy of the document.To view the value of a parameter Always create backups, do one of the following: To find backup file, do the following.
Try to restore the file in Microsoft Word forcibly
If the option is selected Autosave every, Microsoft Word creates a temporary AutoRecovery file containing the latest changes made to the document. Every time you start Microsoft Word searches for automatic recovery files and displays the found files in the Document Recovery panel.To find an option Autosave every, do one of the following: You can try to force restore the document when you open it. To do this, do one of the following:
Restoring Automatic Recovery Files Manually
To search for automatic recovery files, do the following:| 1. | Click the button Start and select the item Find. |
| 2. | Select an item Files and folders V Assistant |
| 3. | In field Part of a filename or the entire filename enter *.ASD . |
| 4. | In field Search in select My computer. |
| 5. | Click the button Find. If files with the .asd extension are found, follow these steps: |
| c. | Listed File type select value All files *.*. |
| d. | find and select a file ASD. |
| e. | Click the button Open. |
| f. | Restart your computer. |
| g. | Launch Microsoft Word. |
Finding temporary files
If the file cannot be found using the methods described above, try to restore temporary files. To do this, follow these steps:| 1. | Click the button Start and select the item Find. |
| 2. | Select an item Files and folders V Assistant |
| 3. | In field Part of a filename or the entire filename enter *.TMP . |
| 4. | In field Search in select My computer. |
| 5. | Click the label. |
| 6. | Select an item Specify a date, specify dates WITH And By |
| 7. | Click the button Find. |
| 8. | On the menu View select item Table. |
| 9. | On the menu View select item Arrange icons and click the item Changed. |
| 10. |
Search files ~
Some temporary file names begin with a tilde (~). To find these files, follow these steps:| 1. | Click the button Start and select the item Find. |
| 2. | Select an item Files and folders V Assistant on the left side of Windows Explorer. |
| 3. | In field Part of a filename or the entire filename enter ~*.* . |
| 4. | In field Search in select My computer. |
| 5. | Click label When were the last changes made?. |
| 6. | Select an item Specify a date, specify dates WITH And By, which specifies the amount of time that has elapsed since the file was last opened. |
| 7. | Click the button Find. |
| 8. | On the menu View select item Table. |
| 9. | On the menu View select item Arrange icons and click the item Changed. |
| 10. | Review the search results to find files that have been modified at the same time that the document was modified. |
Recovery of damaged documents
Word attempts to automatically repair a damaged document if it detects damage. You can try to force restore the document when you open it.To do this, follow these steps:
Additional Information
The AutoRecover feature in Microsoft Word is designed to make emergency copies of open documents when errors occur. Some errors may occur during the creation of the autorecovery file. The automatic recovery feature is not a replacement for saving files.
Microsoft does not currently provide tools to recover deleted documents. However, third-party tools for recovering deleted documents may be available on the Internet.
Many inexperienced computer users cannot find a file downloaded from the Internet. It seems that the file was downloaded successfully, but it is not clear where exactly. You can try to find it by opening all the folders in a row, ...
Many inexperienced computer users cannot find a file downloaded from the Internet. It seems that the file was downloaded successfully, but it is not clear where exactly. You can try to find it by opening all the folders in a row, ...
Many players do not think about where the computer can save their game files. Having made some progress in the game, the player may want to rollback their actions, and it may also be necessary to find the desired save. It may occur due to the fact that the player forgot to perform an important action in the game. How to find where the game saves are located? In this article, we will learn where so-called game saves can be located in Windows.
Location of saves
Games are usually saved on the system drive. As a rule, it has the letter C in the name.
To find a save on your system drive:
- go to "My Computer" and select drive C;
- open it, go to "documents and settings", then select account- "local settings-applications";
- another way to find your saves is to go to the "My games" section in the "Documents" folder;
- Finally, you can go to the folder of the game itself, which will most likely be located in C/Program Files/Games. Look for save files there by scrolling to the very bottom;
- Please note that if you want to download saves from the network, for example, in order to complete a certain mission, or rather jump over it, then most likely the file is saved in the "Downloads" folder. Do not forget that you need to download saves from trusted sources so as not to download a virus program that can harm the game and your computer.
The Downloads folder is located in the Documents folder. You can learn more about where games can be saved from the article.
